In Chapter 2, we spent a lot of time plotting distributions and calculating numbers to represent the distributions
This raises the obvious question:
Answer: because once we know (or assume) the shape of the distribution and have calculated the relevant statistics, we are then able to make certain inferences about values of the variable
In the current chapter, this will be show how this works using the Normal Distribution
As shown by Galton (19th century guy), just about anything you measure turns out to be normally distributed, at least approximately so
That is, usually most of the observations cluster around the mean, with progressively fewer observations out towards the extremes
Thus, if we don't know how some variable is distributed, our best guess is normality
Although most variables are normally distributed, it is not the case that all variables are normally distributed
As examples, consider the following:
We will encounter some of these critters (i.e. distributions) later in the course The Relation Between Histograms and Line Graphs
Any Histogram:
Can be represented as a line graph:
Example: Pop Quiz #1
Line graphs make it easier to talk of the "area under the curve" between two points where:
That is, we could ask what proportion of our class scored between 7 & 9 on the quiz
If we assume that the total area under the curve equals one, then the area between 7 & 9 equals the proportion of our class that scored between 7 & 9 and also indicates our best guess concerning the probability that some new data point would fall between 7 & 9
The problem is that in order to calculate the area under a curve, you must either:
The good news is that a table does exist, thereby allowing you to avoid calculus. The bad news is that in order to use it you must:
Mean to Larger Smaller
z z Portion Portion ..... ........ ........ .........98 .3365 .8365 .1635 .99 .3389 .8389 .1611 1.00 .3413 .8413 .1587 1.01 .3438 .8438 .1562
..... ........ ........ ........
It would be too much work to provide a table of area values for every possible mean and standard deviation
Instead, a table was created for the standard normal distribution, and the dataset of interest is converted to a standard normal before using the table
How do we get our mean equal to zero? Simple, subtract the mean from each data point
What about the standard deviation? Well, if we divide all values by a constant, we divide the standard deviation by a constant. Thus, to make the standard deviation 1, we just divide each new value by the standard deviation
In computational form then,
where z is the z-score for the value of X we enter into the above equation
Once we have calculated a z-score, we can then look at the z table in Appendix Z to find the area we are interested in relevant to that value
What percent of students scored better than 9.2 out of 10 on the quiz, given that the mean was 7.6 and the standard deviation was 1.6
Because we are interested in the area greater than z=1, we look at the "smaller
portion" part of the z table and find the value .1587
Thus, 15.87% of the students scored better than 9.2 on the quiz
How percent of students scored between 7 & 9 on the quiz?
Java Applet (Z-scores)
Here's a nice link to a Java Applet that demonstrates the calculation of a z-scores. The results of the calculations are graphically mapped onto a normal distribution curve.
